In chemistry, a family is a group of elements with similar chemical properties. The chapter also discusses the physical properties, chemical reactivity, and group trends of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium. Niobium is 41 atomic number years old nbatomic mass. Scandium scandium is a soft, silvery transition element which occurs in rare minerals from scandinavia. Is a scandium boom next a look at the scandium miners. Elements that show tripositive ions with electronic configuration of a noble gas scandium, yttrium, lutetium, lawrencium show a clear trend in their physical properties, such as hardness.
Scandium was discovered in 1878 by a chemist named nilson who was studying several minerals in europe. We also show that, although scandium is classified as a rare earth element ree, it behaves very differently from the rest of its family. Scandium scandium is the first element in group 3 of the periodic table. The colour it develops when exposed to air is yellowish or pinkish cast. Scandium is chemical element number 21 on the periodic table. Scandium46, which is a radioactive isotope of the element, is used in oil refineries, where it plays the role of a tracing agent. Scandium is embedded in the very fabric of modern society, making it one of the most valuable elements. Element scandium sc, group 3, atomic number 21, dblock, mass 44.
Enduses range from biomedical research to electronics, lasers and ceramics but the demand is driven by energy issues emsley, 2014. Family properties is a searing and deeply moving work, by a loving daughter and a great historian. When finely divided, or heated, scandium metal dissolves in water to form solutions containing the aquated sciii ion together with hydrogen gas, h 2. The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960. A family of scandium and yttrium tristrimethylsilylmethyl. Metallic scandium can be prepared by reducing the fluoride with calcium metal. It does this by straightening out the grains of the alloy, making the metal less. What are the chemical properties of scandium answers. The noble gases had not yet been discovered when mendeleev devised the periodic table, and are thus not displayed. Scandium can also be used for the purpose of polishing glass. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity sri, podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and.
While these elements are relatively rare in nature, these books will show that they have unusual physical and chemical properties, and a disproportionate number. Because the two words have defined different sets of elements over the years, the iupac recommends the numerical system numbering elements from group 1 to group 18 be used. Scandium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol sc and atomic number 21. These structural units are augmented by more loosely bound pyramidal and zigzag scandium aggregates. It is a silverywhite metal which develops a yellowish or pinkish cast when exposed to air. It is a transition metal, appearing in group 3 iiib. Although scandium is the first member of the group of metals that include the lanthanides it is not recovered from rare earth minerals such as monazite or bastnasite but is recovered mainly as a byproduct from uranium ores and ilmenite processing. It should be noted that scandium is the 50th most common element, and the 35th most abundant element present in the earths crust. Group 3 is a group of elements in the periodic table. The material was detected in the minerals gadolinite and euxenite.
Scandium is mined from one of the rare minerals from scandinavia. Design, synthesis and optical properties of tetrahedrally. Scandium demand and supply are hard to really determine at this point. Scandium is a transition metal and is also considered a rare earth element due to similar chemical properties such as difficulty in extracting and in separating from other elements and existence. Fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy sciencedirect. Scandium is the eighth most abundant rare element on earth. Scandium sc cid 23952 structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safetyhazards. It is a rare element on earth and not an easy metal to find. Scandium sc chemical properties, health and environmental. A particular emphasis on the interaction between scandium and other alloying elements is also outlined. Scandium metal tarnishes in air and burns readily to form scandium iii oxide, sc 2 o 3. A relatively soft element, scandium resembles yttrium and the rareearth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium.
Scandium was a metal with remarkable properties, one of the socalled rare earths. As the technologies related to casting and forming of aluminum components are rapidly improving, with new technologies generating alternative manufacturing methods that improve competitiveness, this book is a timely resource. Scandium is usually found only in two different kinds of ores. A silvery white metal extracted from the earths crust, scandium is a potent grain refiner that, when added to aluminum alloys, elevates the strength and durability of the material by 50%. Thortveitite is the primary source of scandium with uranium mill tailings byproducts also being an important source. Scandium compounds should be regarded as toxic and carcinogenic. Scandium and yttrium get included in the rare earths family because they tend to. Naturally occurring scandium is composed of 1 stable isotope 45 sc. The properties and application of scandiumreinforced. What this means is that there is not very much scandium found in the earth.
Scandium, physical and chemical properties springerlink. Isotope mass da halflife mode of decay nuclear spin nuclear magnetic moment. Scandium is an element with the atomic number 21 and represented with the symbol sc in the periodic table. Scandium is a silvery white, moderately soft metal. The number of electrons in each of scandiums shells is 2, 8, 9, 2 and its electron configuration is ar 3d 1 4s 2. At the same time, if group 3 is continued with lutetium and lawrencium, several trends are broken. It reacts with water to form hydrogen gas and will dissolve in many acids. It develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast when exposed to air. It can also enter the environment when household equipment is thrown away. Alongside semspecific functions a performance spectrum for processing, analysis, visualization, image and data archiving as well as report generation is integrated.
Scandium is a chemical element with the symbol sc and atomic number 21. Calcium and potassium are much more common if you went out looking. The number of electrons in each of scandiums shells is 2, 8, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is ar 3d 1 4s 2. Since lanthanums properties differed only slightly from those of cerium, and. Scandium is a very small market that has plenty of growth potential. Scandium tarnished in air and burn easily, once it has been ignited. Using the coulter principle with electrical zone sensing to detect and characterize particles regardless of optical properties or a particles nature. Nilson identified the element scandium as part of a novel compound he had isolated. The critical element is often a byproduct, produced.
Family properties is a superbly revealing and often gripping book. When scandium is first exposed to the air it will tarnish to a slightly pink or yellow color. It is susceptible to weathering and dissolves slowly in most dilute acids. This group, like other dblock groups, should contain four elements, but it is not agreed what elements belong in the group. Scandium can be recovered from thortveitite or extracted as a byproduct from uranium mill tailings sandy waste material. Scandium is a soft metal with a silvery appearance. Under ordinary conditions the concentration of sc in plants is very low. As an example of this process, look at the fourth numbered row reihen. In this powerful book, beryl satter identifies the true causes of the citys black slums and the ruin of urban neighborhoods throughout the country.
The mine has a proven minable scandium reserve of 7. Scandium has a vast history and an array of applications. Scandium middleman is a rare guy selling a rare element. Scandium, a novel alloying element for aluminum, is mined and processed in zhovti vody, ukraine, the only primary scandium mine in operation in the world. Scandium chloride sccl 3 scandium oxide sc 2 o 3 scandium triflate scotf 3 interesting facts. Chemists were able to search for these elements based on the properties of the elements around the empty boxes. Scandium speciation in a worldclass lateritic deposit. One of the characteristics of scandium is it gets tarnished and burned easily if ignited. Scandium element information, properties and uses periodic table. The structural unit that dominates the various allotropes of boron is the. Scandium simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Chemical and physical properties of scandium and yttrium. Yttrium has major similarities to scandium and also to the lanthanides ln. It is sometimes regarded as one of the rare earth elements. Scandium is a soft, light metal that might have applications in the aerospace industry. The properties of scandium compounds are intermediate between those of aluminium and yttrium. A family of scandium and yttrium tristrimethylsilylmethyl complexes with.
On the other hand, scandium may demonstrate rather unique chemical properties. Scandium has a melting point of 1541 c, a boiling point of 2830 c, a specific gravity of 2. Scandium is a metal in a group known as the transition metals. Samson and others published scandium sc find, read and. It is fairly soft and is nearly as light as aluminum. Scandium is a silverwhite metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It has an atomic number of 21, an atomic mass of 44. Scandium is not a metal you will work with every day. Scandium is the image analysis platform for scanningelectron microscopy.
It is 50th in order of abundance of the elements in the earths crust. Because it is very malleable, scandium alloys are used to manufacture many items that need to be strong. It can also be prepared by electrolysing molten potassium, lithium and scandium chlorides, using electrodes of tungsten wire and molten zinc. It develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast when oxidized by air. Alloys of scandium and aluminum are used in some kinds of athletic equipment, such as aluminum baseball bats, bicycle frames and lacrosse sticks. Robert orsi, professor of religion and history, northwestern university one of the most contentious issues of twentieth century america was the transformation of middleclass white neighborhoods into africanamerican slums. Their treatment together and comparing their chemical and physical properties with those of other metals presents the aim of this chapter. Scandium sc, chemical element, a rareearth metal of group 3 of the periodic table. Recent advances updates the very successful book fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy. A soft, silvery, white transition element, scandium occurs in rare minerals from scandinavia and it is sometimes classified along with yttrium and the lanthanides as a rare earth. Brothers and sisters names of all family members from the periodic table. Scandium can rarely be found in nature, as it occurs in very small amounts. Commercially viable scandium deposits are rare, making widespread use of the metal tricky.
Scandium was found in 1879 by swedish chemist lars nilson 184099. The most characteristic chemical property of an element is its valence. The compound scandium triflate acts as a catalyst in organic chemistry. In fact, scandium is always found bonded to other elements. Greetings from the science history institute book club. Scandium sc and yttrium y are always included, but the other two spaces. Information about properties of scandium, history of scandium discovery, isotopes of scandium, minerals containing scandium, applications of scandium oxide, applications of scandium in alsc alloy and producerssuppliers of scandium products. Search the worlds most comprehensive index of fulltext books. Condensed double chains of edgesharing scandium octahedra are contained in sc2te. See youtube video of janet kuypers october 2018 book release reading 10318, where she read her the periodic table of poetry poems bromine, iodine, indium, scandium, xenon, and from hydrogen to nothing from the lincoln park zoo 428 poetry bomb chapbook reading in. Further data for naturally occuring isotopes of scandium are listed above. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have halflifes that are less than 4 hours, and the majority of these have halflifes that.